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山寨娘娘

他的寶貝

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山大王四歲好個性

2007年05月18日
公開
3

好些將當雙子媽的朋友問媽咪 老大會不會忌妒小北鼻 媽咪真的要大大稱讚山大王 山大王除了玩具他覺得不需要分享給妹妹 而且有時看到妹妹玩他小時候的玩具時 會很雞婆地搶去秀妹妹怎麼玩外 山大王其實是很疼愛妹妹的 媽咪去洗手間時山大王會幫媽咪看顧一下妹妹 看到妹妹把不該吃的東西塞嘴巴會說 "妹妹這個不要吃,好不好" 山大王在學校會介紹妹妹給同學認識 媽咪去山大王學校時 同學都會對山大妞打招呼說:"That's Seiji's sister" 山大妞也很高興會對小朋友揮手 媽咪很多時間抱著妹妹 山大王從來不會忌妒妹妹或故意欺負妹妹 還常常給妹妹大大的擁抱親親 還有唱歌說話打趣和唸書 逗妹妹開心教妹妹說話 還會鼓勵妹妹potty噗噗 反而山大妞偶爾會抓哥哥頭髮和哥哥搶飯吃呢 以前如果他不收玩具 爸鼻媽咪幫他收的話 就會拿要捐給慈善機構的袋子裝他的玩具 說爸鼻媽咪幫他收的話 明天孤兒院的卡車就要來收他的玩具了 山大王會急著大叫哭著說不要 但他又不願意收拾時 就會說"我什麼都不要 玩具去孤兒院 我要送妳去孤兒院 還有妹妹也要去孤兒院 我也要去孤兒院" 當媽咪抱妹妹去後院time-out 讓山大王自己在家裡cool down時 山大王會說不要媽咪和妹妹去孤兒院了 最近山大王很少鬧脾氣了 爸鼻媽咪提醒他得收玩具時 他會花很多時間把所有的 樂高分類排好 或把木頭軌道分形狀排好 或把車子的磁軌疊好 整整齊齊放在紙箱裡 雖然有時他會邊抱怨:"It takes a long long time." 或說"我已經tired了" 但更多時候他會仔細地收還邊不斷地說 "媽咪妳看!我排得很好耶!我收得很好耶!" 除了有些生活常規還要我們提醒外 山大王大多時候都可以講道理 如果提醒他襪子不要亂丟要丟哪 他會自己笑一笑很快地說:"Oh, 我forgot" 然後拿上去丟到洗衣籃 最近山大王曾說: "齁!媽咪妳有沒有記得 這樣沒有table manner" (說他自己沒有坐在桌旁吃東西) "爸鼻我最喜歡你 還有媽咪 還有Dione 還有我自己" "媽咪妳今天給我帶什麼snack?" "優格" "還有呢" "tic kat bar" "還有呢" "蘋果" "還有呢" "cereal" "還有呢" "水" "還有呢" "養樂多" "還有呢" "沒有了" "噢......妳幫我帶好多東西喔" "媽咪我在學校和Kelly玩 可是Kelly six year old就要去其他的school 那我要和Rohini玩 如果Rohini也去其他的school 我就只好和Yuki玩 我不喜歡和naughty 的kids玩" 媽咪如果看到山大王不願意分享他的玩具 會問他原因 山大王會說這是幾歲以上玩的 妹妹不可以玩 媽咪問他那妹妹可以玩什麼玩具呢 山大王就會去找一個妹妹可以玩的玩具給她 看到孩子相親相愛 雙子媽真得會感到很安慰 覺得兩個孩子有伴恰恰好

FW: 10 ways to give kids confidence

2007年04月30日
公開
15

10 ways to "build" kids confidence Give unconditional love. Pay attention. Teach limits. Offer choices. Support healthy risks. Let mistakes happen. Make success a snap. Celebrate the positive Listen well Provide encouragement. Here are ten simple strategies to help boost your child's self-esteem: Give unconditional love. A child's self-esteem flourishes with the kind of no-strings-attached devotion that says, "I love you, no matter who you are or what you do." Your child benefits the most when you accept her for who she is regardless of her strengths, difficulties, temperament, or abilities. So lavish her with love. Give her plenty of cuddles and kisses. And don't forget to tell her how much you love her. When you do have to correct your child, make it clear that it's her behavior — not her — that's unacceptable. Instead of saying, "You're a naughty girl! Why can't you be good?" say, "Pushing Olivia isn't nice. It can hurt. Please don't push." Pay attention. Carve out time to give your child your undivided attention. That does wonders for your child's self-worth because it sends the message that you think she's important and valuable. It doesn't have to take a lot of time; it just means taking a moment to stop flicking through the mail if she's trying to talk with you or turning off the TV long enough to answer a question. Make eye contact, so it's clear that you're really listening to what she's saying. When you're strapped for time, let your child know it without ignoring her needs. Say, "Tell me all about the picture you drew, and then when you're finished, I'll need to make our dinner." Teach limits. Establish a few reasonable rules. For instance, if you tell your child she has to eat her snack in the kitchen, don't let her wander around the family room with her crackers and fruit the next day. Knowing that certain family rules are set in stone will help her feel more secure. It may take constant repetition on your part, but she'll start to live by your expectations soon enough. Just be clear and consistent and show her that you trust her and expect her to do the right thing. Offer choices. A good rule of thumb: Let your child choose between two possibilities, since at this age too many options can be overwhelming. For instance, ask her whether she wants to wear her polka-dot dress or the striped one, or if she wants to paint or draw, or whether she wants oatmeal or cold cereal for breakfast. She'll gain confidence with each opportunity to make a decision. Letting her know that you have faith in her judgment increases your child's sense of self-worth. Support healthy risks. Encourage your child to explore something new, such as trying a different food, finding a best pal, or going down the slide. Though there's always the possibility of failure, without risk there's little opportunity for success. So let your child experiment safely, and resist the urge to intervene. For instance, try not to "rescue" her if she's showing mild frustration at figuring out a new toy. Even jumping in to say, "I'll do it" can foster dependence and diminish your child's confidence. You'll build her self-esteem by balancing your need to protect her with her need to tackle new tasks. Let mistakes happen. The flip side, of course, of having choices and taking risks is that sometimes your child is bound to make mistakes. These are valuable lessons for your child's confidence. So go ahead and let her wear the snowsuit she insists on wearing even if it's balmy outside (just stash more appropriate clothing in your backpack). When she starts complaining that she's too hot, stifle your urge to say, "I told you so." Just whip out her favorite shorts and T-shirt and say something like, "How about wearing this since it's so warm?" That way her self-esteem won't sag and she'll understand that it's okay to make mistakes sometimes. When you goof up yourself, admit it, says Daniel Meier, assistant professor of elementary education at San Francisco State University. Acknowledging and recovering from your mistakes sends a powerful message to your child — it makes it easier for your child to accept her own shortcomings. Make success a snap. Buy clothes that are a cinch to put on and pull off, get a stool so she can wash her own hands and brush her teeth at the sink, and find a place for her toys and books that is within her reach. By giving your 2-year-old the resources to take care of her own needs, you'll help foster independence and pride in her ability to do things for herself. Celebrate the positive. It's sometimes too easy to tally up all the things a child does wrong, but everyone responds well to encouragement, so make an effort to acknowledge the good things your child does every day within her earshot. For instance, tell her dad, "Nina picked up all her toys today." She'll bask in the glow of your praise and her dad's heartening response. And be specific. Instead of saying "Good job," say, "Thank you for waiting so patiently in line." This will enhance her sense of accomplishment and self-worth and let her know exactly what she did right. Listen well. If your child needs to talk, stop and listen to what she has to say. She needs to know that her thoughts, feelings, desires, and opinions matter. Help her get comfortable with her emotions by labeling them. Say, "I know you're sad because we have to say bye-bye to the carousel." By accepting her emotions without judgment, you validate her feelings and show that you value what she has to say. If you share your own feelings ("I'm excited about going to the zoo"), she'll gain confidence in expressing her own. Provide encouragement. Every child needs the kind of support from her loved ones that signals, "I believe in you. I see you trying. Keep going!" Encouragement means acknowledging progress — not just rewarding achievement. It means thanking your child for putting her books away, even if she missed some under her bed. It means smiling in support as she struggles to use her fork, in spite of the trail of food under her chair. And it means giving a hug for an attempt at singing the "ABC" song, even though she skipped a few letters. There's a difference between praise and encouragement. One rewards the task while the other rewards the person ("You did it!" rather than "I'm proud of you!"). Praise can make a child feel that she's only "good" if she does something perfectly. Encouragement, on the other hand, acknowledges the effort. "Tell me about your drawing. I see that you like purple" is more helpful than saying, "That's the most beautiful picture I've ever seen." Too much praise can sap self-esteem because it can create pressure to perform and set up a continual need for approval from others. So dole out the praise judiciously and offer encouragement liberally; it will help your child grow up to feel good about herself.

See...

2007年03月28日
公開
6

山大王最近學了同學的話 連帶一家人都脫不了嘴 "See, what's happened, when you don't listen." ******************* 山大王的瀏海總是媽咪的敗筆 反正山大王都不在意媽咪怎麼剪 他如果真的累了或生我們的氣 就會學媽咪說 "你看, 我都長白頭髮了" 媽咪問他他的白頭髮怎麼長出來的 山大王說"是先把黑頭髮剪掉 白頭髮就長出來了" ******************* 如果我們不讓他如願 立刻做他想要做的事 吃他想要吃的東西 或走他想要走的途徑 他就會很生氣 ******************** 山大王快四歲時 遇到我們大聲責備他 不同意他的解釋 就會開始生氣時 就會憤憤不平喃喃自語的說要躲起來 然後趴在角落的地上或床下 我們就會對他說 地上有好多小毛好喜歡爬到你身上喔 山大王不喜歡小毛(小爬蟲), 蜘蛛, 螞蟻 所以我們都這樣逗他 有時孩子真的也是很難為呢 ********************* 山大王現在很喜歡當winner 爬樓梯會吃飯一定要說大話 說要吃"最大口最大大大口" "要be number 1" 就算他吃得沒有很快 也要硬說他是 "second winner" 爬樓梯還要規定我們爬慢一點 為的是他沒有體力爬但是還是要爬得比我們快 每次吃飯媽咪和他一起吃 或爸鼻和他一起吃 他就會吃得很開心 我們都盡量要求他吃完飯才可以離開餐桌 但是每次都是我們吃完後離開餐桌 他就沒心情繼續自己吃完了 ********************** 山大王最近喜歡把poop poop 或 peep peep 掛在人名的後面 真是調皮啦 **********************

山大王枕邊細語

2007年03月13日
公開
1

山寨老爺今天奔波舊金山 十點半才會到家 媽咪今晚只得獨自讓大小兩隻乖乖吃飯睡覺 媽咪規定山大王一定要吃完飯才可以玩玩具 不可以邊吃邊玩 山大王最近都只挑肉吃 不喜歡和著白飯一起吃 讓媽咪很傷腦筋 他不吃飯光挑肉吃 最後肚子要睡覺前又餓了 媽咪邊洗碗邊告誡他說 山大王不吃飯只吃cereal不行 媽咪也不願意再弄東西給他吃 要他自己想辦法 當爸鼻出差時 媽咪更是會想教山大王很多事情自己做 像是開冰箱或乾糧罐頭的櫃子 自己弄簡單的食物和飲料吃 山大王這年紀很喜歡自己動手做 常常把"我會自己弄..."或"我知道我知道我---知---道啦"掛嘴上 比較難的反是想辦法去讓他 玩得很開心時也會顧及自己應盡的責任 其實媽咪知道讓山大王自己準備東西吃 他通常都會很開心地吃完 山大王就說"我想到一個辦法" 上次媽咪建議他自己做早餐三明治 這次他也自己去冰箱拿出榖麥土司, 火雞胸肉和芒果果醬 也不需要烤或弄熱就冷冷地吃 山大王吃自己加很多芒果果醬的三明治 全部吃光光 一般山大妞都硬撐不早睡 一定要等爸鼻和哥哥也都小聲地唸story time時 山大妞才願意乖乖ㄋㄟ睡 今天出奇意外山大妞六點半就願意ㄋㄟ睡了 平常山大妞佔據媽咪 一但爸鼻bed time時間不在 媽咪總是戰戰兢兢山大王會硬要擠媽咪和山大妞的床 今天媽咪安排山大妞在小房間ㄋㄟ睡 因此媽咪可以好好陪山大王在大房間入睡 儘管媽咪先前在樓下盯他發他脾氣 山大王還是好高興媽咪可以陪他睡 山大王和媽咪或爸鼻平心靜氣地睡時總會說媽咪/爸鼻我好喜歡妳你喔 今天媽咪獨自陪山大王睡 山大王想要和媽咪擠一個枕頭 媽咪要他自己選一個枕頭自己睡 他選媽咪正在躺的枕頭 跟他交換枕頭睡 山大王說:"媽咪妳的spot(枕頭)warm & cozy, 好舒服喔" 媽咪問他為什麼? 山大王說:"是因為妳的枕頭有妳頭髮的香味啊!我好想taste it" 山大王微笑地看著媽咪說"媽咪,我好喜歡妳的眼睛" 然後握著媽咪的手說:"媽咪,我也好喜歡妳的手喔" 媽咪握著山大王的手 山大王就這樣乖乖地像小天使一樣睡著 但願山大王會一直是這樣有自信又sweet的孩子

似是而非的道理

2007年03月09日
公開
31

山大王已經脫離老試問我們為什麼的年紀了 現在常是媽咪要問他為什麼 得到山大王的答案都是令人莞爾很有意思的道理... 接了山大王回家的路上 媽咪想山大妞心情還不錯坐在車上沒有哭 想回家前把在圖書館借來的兩本童書送還 但山大王說只要還"Earth and I" 另外一本"song and dance man"的書他還喜歡要再看 媽咪記得他只喜歡"Earth and I"啊 沒想到他還記得媽咪只唸過一次不到 就被山大王說不喜歡而喊停的書 星期五的下午 媽咪和山大妞坐在床上 山大王也喜歡和媽咪及妹妹一起在"quiet zone"玩 但他記得媽咪說的規定 媽咪規定山大王在床上只能穿睡褲才能上來 連忙脫下穿了一整天的外出褲換上睡褲 但急著穿上恐龍睡褲穿反了(inside out) 山大王最近雖然很喜歡恐龍(百科全書) 但也常說他晚上作惡夢夢見蛇頸龍 媽咪說那你不怕把恐龍穿在裡面咬你嗎 山大王回答說:"Pajama的恐龍不是真的" 山大王高興的時候常說 "媽咪我好喜歡妳喔" 媽咪問他長大要和誰結婚 他說:"我要跟媽咪結婚" 媽咪問他為什麼 他說:"因為我已經made promise啦" 媽咪又問那妹妹要跟誰結婚 山大王說:"是爸鼻" 媽咪又問為什麼 山大王回答說:"是因為爸鼻的生日快到啦" (爸鼻的生日還要等到快年底好不好) 媽咪問山大王:"妹妹留在家裡比較好還是去褓姆Mary那邊好" 山大王說:"在家裡啊, 因為妹妹在家裡可以睡覺" 媽咪說:"你以前小北鼻時在Mary家也可以睡覺啊 有crib可以睡啊" 山大王說:"Mary家睡覺沒有好舒服;妹妹要喝ㄋㄟㄋㄟ睡覺比較舒服" (山大王每次都喜歡跟媽咪睡不管媽咪睡哪張床 媽咪問他為什麼;他就會說因為這張床好舒服)

山大王的獨處

2006年11月24日
公開
9

這幾天媽咪忙著想下個月出國的事 所以日記少寫照片也少拍了 還好感恩節在好友鄰居家度過 所以也少了準備餐點的忙碌 今天"後感恩節日"是商家一年中最忙碌的日子 因為大部分人都還放假也正好準備聖誕節的禮物 早上媽咪本來想去買些聖誕節裝飾的吊飾 晚上爸鼻提議出去吃一家新開的越南麵店 但都因山大妞在早上在店裡及晚上在車上不停的狂哭 只好兩手空空打道回府 不知道今天為什麼山大妞一出門就變成愛哭包 回到家就變成小天使笑得好開心 尤其喝ㄋㄟ和換布布時更是心情很好 媽咪窩在家裡什麼事都沒做 就是抱著山大妞餵ㄋㄟ 不然就是拉著山大王整理他被紙片色筆淹沒的桌子及地板 當媽咪抱著妹妹喝ㄋㄟ時 媽咪就很難給山大王"Seiji Time" --(媽咪專屬山大王的時間) 一時山大王玩過大部分他的玩具 他拿起扮醫生玩具測膝蓋反射器當樂器在玩 山大王喜歡幫妹妹亂診療 妹妹已經喝ㄋㄟ喝到睡意茫茫了 山大王說他要幫妹妹治病 卻拿玩具一直發出噪音 還不准媽咪和爸鼻聊天 我想山大王這時真得是十分想要媽咪注意他 但媽咪正和爸鼻談出國的行程安排 實在很沒耐心聽親愛的兒子不斷的叨擾 媽咪請山大王離開不要故意製造噪音 打擾妹妹睡覺 還有媽咪和爸鼻談事情 山大王一直執意要媽咪不要說話 看他吹像火車的聲音 媽咪心一橫就把他的玩具往遠處一丟 山大王當然又開始慘哭 媽咪開罵山大王更委屈 自己跑到樓上好久好安靜 平常山大王可是不會自己待在沒有人在的房間 一會媽咪還不見山大王下來 請爸鼻去樓上看看他 結果山大王在他的小房間bunk bed得上層床自己在玩 到了下午山大王已經很累了 媽咪曾要他去睡覺 他還撐著不睡 直到晚上要出去吃麵就在車上累得睡著了 儘管山大妞一直大哭 山大王還是沒吃晚飯就睡著了 過了晚上九點大小兩隻都睡了 爸鼻才告訴媽咪山大王今天下午被媽咪罵過後的獨處 媽咪常心疼山大王沒吃晚餐就累得睡著了 但媽咪有時真得是對山大王太兇了 又何奈媽咪沒耐性時就會思考短路 就在媽咪寫日記的當時 已經十一點了 山大王就睡在媽咪書桌旁的床上 山大王還不時醒來看看媽咪 媽咪給山大王晚安親 要他蓋好被被 山大王請媽咪睡他旁邊 那可親睡眼惺忪的微笑 就是讓媽咪又愛又憐的心肝寶貝 山大王常喜歡嘻笑地說: "嘿~我不是寶貝;我是Seiji" 噯...孩子就是這麼純真 早上他還說他不是媽咪的friend 其實他是一直都這樣依愛媽咪的

山大王情緒裡的純真

2006年11月14日
公開
4

發脾氣: 山大王一回家就問媽咪Auntie和Uncle呢 媽咪告訴山大王他們回紐約了 山大王低頭剪著他最喜歡的cutting 然後問為什麼 山大王繼續很專心地做他的cutting 媽咪爸鼻喚山大王吃皮蛋瘦肉粥加煎肉片 山大王只吃肉不吃粥 爸鼻夾帶一點粥給他 山大王居然就發脾氣又要摔椅子又吐口水在地上 還把媽咪的桌巾丟到垃圾桶 更讓媽咪不能忍受的是 他還對媽咪懷裡抱著的妹妹吐口水 媽咪當然很凶狠地手臂一揮擋住 又見他對旁邊的遙控器也吐口水 媽咪心一橫用手推開他的頭 斥責他要去外面time-out 山大王就開始不知所措站著大哭 見我們都不理他 最後又趴在地上哭 想念: 媽咪這才請爸鼻把妹妹抱開 媽咪抱山大王坐在膝上好好地跟他說他的行為不對 又問他爸鼻只是餵他吃粥為什麼要發脾氣 媽咪知道山大王很喜歡聖芳姨 聖芳是媽咪大學好友 聖芳和她男友Yaron來參加朋友婚禮 順道住山寨一家幾天 可能山大王回到家想睡覺 又想到聖芳姨已經回紐約了 覺得難過情緒不好 同理心: 短短幾天山大王和聖芳姨相處融洽 山大王很喜歡爸鼻媽咪的朋友來訪 山大王看到聖芳姨留在桌上的Sulphur時 連忙說他癢癢要吃Auntie的藥 睡覺時山大王膝蓋後摺間又有一點過敏起腫粒的樣子 媽咪讓聖芳姨看過 山大王很清楚地描述 聖芳昨晚給他吃這甜甜的抑癢藥時說的話 聖芳姨告訴山大王說 她小時候也是在那裡有過敏的現象會癢得睡不著 她完全可以了解那種感受 這種同理心要比已經睡著的爸鼻和 只會幫山大王塗乳液的媽咪 要真切打動山大王三歲半的心吧 面對挫折: 最近山大王只要有一點小挫折就很容易大哭 也許是沒有午睡要上課的日子 回到家和起床後很疲倦的關係吧 但有時真的覺得太寵山大王了 才會山大王覺得要吃糖看電視都得予取予求 每次媽咪勸說道理時 最常聽到就是山大王回嘴說: "可是that's ok啊" 引導: 就快四歲囉 山大王開始學寫數字 也都認得自己的名字 會開和扣鈕扣 自己穿脫衣服 上廁所還規定我們不可以跟去不可以幫他 現在在學繫鞋帶打蝴蝶結 老師說山大王學新的功課很有毅力要把事情做好 只是我們對如何引導山大王面對挫折的情緒及 克制自己想吃糖看電視的慾望這些事 還不是很有把握怎麼教導他 山大王就算生氣時 其實也是很純真的發洩情緒 這媽咪和爸鼻得要好好想一想...

外面time-out才有效?

2006年09月30日
公開
6

7 WAYS TO HELP THE ANGRY CHILD While no person or no family can be anger-proof there are ways you can help your child get a handle on anger. 1. Help your child have inner peace Research has shown, and our experience supports the observation, that connected children and their parents get angry with each other less. The connected child, growing up with a sense of well- being, has peaceful modeling. He will get angry, but he learns to handle the anger in such a way that it does not take over his personality. Connected parents know their children well, so they are less likely to create situations that provoke them and their children to anger. Attached parents know they don't have to be harsh to be in control. The unconnected child operates from inner turmoil. Down deep this child feels something important is missing in his self and he is angry about it. (This feeling may continue into adulthood.) This void is likely to reveal itself as anger toward himself and parents, placing everyone at risk for becoming an angry family. 2. Don't let your child stuff anger Encourage your child to recognize when he is angry, starting with the toddler. Be an attentive listener, helping your child work through feelings. Given a willing audience that shows empathy rather than judgment, children will often talk themselves out of their snits. Our eight-year-old, Matthew, insisted on watching a certain TV program. I disagreed, and he became angry. Matt felt that he absolutely had to watch the program. I felt that the program content was harmful to his growing self and to family harmony. I listened attentively and nonjudgmentally while Matt pleaded his case. After he had made his appeal, I made mine. With calm authority, I made my own points, while conveying to Matt that I understood but did not agree with his viewpoint. I asked him probing questions, such as: "What about the program is so important to you?" "Could you think of an activity that is more fun than watching this program?" "Matt, do you understand why I don't want you to watch it?" "Are you just bored? If so, I have an idea..." Gradually Matt realized that this program was not worth getting so worked up about. As the dialogue continued, his eyes dried and his reddened face relaxed. I'm sure his pulse rate was coming down, too. We ended this encounter with a chuckle about how he had let such a stupid program upset him. We went out and played catch instead. 3. Look beneath the "bad" kid The habitually misbehaving child is usually an angry child. If your child seems "bad" all the time or you "don't know what else to do" or your child seems withdrawn, search beneath the surface for something that is angering your child. In counseling parents of these children, I have found two causes: Either there is a lot of family anger ? mother and/or father is on edge all the time and the child incorporates these feelings as part of himself; or the child feels angry because his sense of well- being is threatened. Helping children who misbehave repeatedly or seem "bad" more than "good" usually begins with a total family overhaul. Take inventory of the influences in your child's life. What builds up his self-esteem? What tears it down? What needs are not being met? What inner anxiety is at the root of the anger? Anger is only the tip of the iceberg, and it warns of needs to be dealt with beneath the surface. Inner anger often causes a child to withdraw. In a struggle to ward off attacks on a shaky self-image, this child puts on a protective shell. On the surface he may seem calm, but underneath a tight lid is a pressure cooker of emotions needing to be channeled or recognized. To keep the lid on, the child withdraws, avoiding interaction that might set him off. This is why we advise getting behind the eyes and into the mind of your child ?things may look different from that perspective. It's devastating for a child to feel that she is a "bad kid." Unless that feeling is reversed, the child grows up acting the part. To get the "bad" feeling out of your child, intervene with a reassuring "You're not bad, you're just young, and young people sometimes do foolish things. But Daddy is going to help you stop doing them so you will grow up feeling like you are the nice person I know you are." This sends a message to your child that you care enough to find the good child beneath the bad behavior. 5. Laughter ?the best medicine for anger Humor diffuses anger and keeps trivial upsets from escalating. Our kids love spaghetti ?the messier the sauce, the more they love it. Once at dinner we left the older kids in charge of the two- and five-year-old, who were dawdling over their messy meal. As often happens in large families, the oldest child delegated responsibility to the next oldest and so on down the line: "You watch the kids? Lauren and Stephen were ultimately left unsupervised, and a spaghetti frenzy ensued. When we discovered the stringy mess we scolded the older kids for allowing it to happen. While we yelled at them, they yelled at each other. Lauren and Stephen peered up at their angry elders, sauce covering their cheeks and foreheads and spaghetti in their hair. We all began to laugh, and worked together, in good spirits, to clean up the kids and the mess. Now when we delegate authority, we're more careful to be sure the appropriate-aged child really is on duty. 6. Model appropriate expressions of anger He's afraid you'll get angry and yell." We hadn't thought of ourselves as an angry, yelling family, but Peter felt we were and so he recoiled from family interaction to preserve his peaceful self. This quote from Hayden explains in a nutshell why anger creates distance, especially in a child like Peter, who has a laid-back temperament. Hayden's openness prompted us to reevaluate our show of emotions. We called a family meeting, acknowledged that yelling seemed to be a problem we needed to deal with, apologized for this failing, and discussed how that would change. Also, we wanted our children to feel comfortable approaching us, no matter what they had done or how they felt. So we promised to eliminate the fear factor: "Here's the deal. Your mom and I promise not to yell at you as long as you talk to us. We will listen calmly to anything you tell us. We will not yell." This did not happen overnight, and we still "blow it" from time to time. When this happens, we apologize and move on. Displays of anger scare children and put them on the defensive. They will either retreat into a protective shell or grow to have an angry personality themselves. Once we removed the barrier of fear, Peter came out of his room. And we continue to work on our communication. We've learned to calmly say, "I get angry when you..." Children and spouses need to know what makes you angry. They don't need to have your anger spewed all over them. Small children are devastated by the sight of big, scary, out-of-control daddy or raging mommy. They fear that the parent will stop loving them, hurt them, or leave. You don't want your child to have to squelch the flow of his normal feelings because he's frightened of what he might set off in you. Adults should be responsible for controlling themselves. The child should not be put in a position where he starts to feel responsible for controlling your rage. This sets up very dysfunctional patterns as your child grows. If your anger is out of control and scaring your child, seek help! You need to learn that it is not wrong to feel angry, even as an adult (remember

FW: Easing your preschooler's fears

2006年09月25日
公開
4

轉載: Preschoolers and fear It's normal for a preschooler to be fearful. After all, anxiety is a natural condition that helps us cope with new experiences and protects us from danger. Some 3- and 4-year-olds are frightened of very specific things: bugs, dogs, the dark, or clowns. Other kids are afraid of new situations or meeting new people. Certain fears are particularly prevalent during the preschool years because a child's highly active imagination may make him worry about make-believe creatures, his (and your) health, death, disaster, and pain. Being hurt is another common fear (that's why your preschooler wants to cover up even the most minor scratch or cut). Most of your preschooler's fears will fade as he becomes more secure in himself and his environment. What you can do to ease your preschooler's fear Acknowledge his fears. They may seem silly and irrational, but they're very real and serious to him. Try not to smile when he tells you he's scared of, say, the neighbor's poodle or monsters under the bed. Let him know you understand how it feels to be afraid of something. If you're reassuring and comforting, he'll learn that it's okay to have fears and that it's best to deal with them. "Try to depersonalize the fear by getting your child to talk about it or label what's making him scared," says William Coleman, a behavioral pediatrician at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. "Fears won't go away if you ignore them." Trying to convince your preschooler that there isn't any reason to be afraid will only backfire. You'll probably just make him more upset if you say, "It's okay, the dog won't hurt you. There's nothing to be afraid of." Instead, try, "I understand that the dog frightens you. Let's walk past him together. If you don't want to do that, I'll hold you while he walks past us." If you think your preschooler's fear stems from angry feelings or anxiety over a new situation — such as the arrival of a new sibling or starting preschool — give your child ways to express his feelings, through pretend play, for instance. Or guess at the feeling in a nonjudgmental way, says pediatrician Barbara Howard, a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics' committee on psychosocial child and family health. Say, "I know you sometimes wish this baby would go away, but it won't be long before he's really fun to play with." Use love objects. Some preschoolers still get a great deal of comfort out of dragging around a raggedy baby blanket or clutching a well-worn teddy bear. These objects can offer an anxious child lasting reassurance, especially at transition times, such as when you drop him off at preschool or tuck him in for the night. "Lovies" can also make it easier for some preschoolers to do potentially scary things like meet new people, attend a playgroup, or visit the doctor. So allow your child to hold on to that special toy or blanket. Don't make him feel "babyish" for wanting to hang on to it or insist that he leave it at home. He's likely to stop carrying around that mangy-looking monkey by the time he turns 4. By then, he'll have learned other ways to soothe himself if he's scared. Explain, expose, and explore. A scared preschooler can sometimes get over what's worrying him if you provide a simple, rational explanation — words now have greater power than in the past. You may put an end to his fear of being lost in a crowd by saying, "As long as you stay next to me and hold my hand, we won't lose each other. But if we do accidentally get separated, stay still and I'll find you." If past experiences are fueling his fear — getting a vaccination, for instance — don't lie or sugarcoat things. But don't dwell on the bad stuff, either. Gently tell him that while the shot may sting at first, it will be over quickly, and then suggest that the two of you do something fun afterward. It's important to stay with your child during any painful procedure to show that you support the treatment and haven't abandoned him, says Howard. You can also help your 4-year-old learn about frightening things from a safe distance. Howard suggests exposing your child to potentially scary experiences through books or videos or in a controlled manner while you're present. Such limited exposure provides a safe context for him to deal with his fears. (Of course, you should avoid exposing your child to anything horrific, gory, or otherwise inappropriate, either on television or in books.) For instance, if he's afraid to ride a bike because he doesn't want to fall and skin his knees, then he may benefit from reading stories about a young child who learns to ride a bike with great success — and without injuries. Similarly, he may get over his fear of monsters under the bed if he sees a video about a little boy who befriends some fun and friendly monsters. If he's scared of animals, a trip to a petting zoo, where the creatures can be stroked and fed, may help. Problem-solve together. If your child's afraid of the dark, get a nightlight for his room. Other tactics you can use to banish bedtime fears include a designated guard (a beloved stuffed animal), "monster spray" (water in a spray-bottle), or a magic phrase that wards off unwelcome visitors. Through trial and error, you and your preschooler will figure out what helps to increase his sense of power and control over things that go bump in the night, or in the day. Just don't expect him to overcome his fears right away. It can take months — even up to a year — before a child gets over a fear, says Coleman. Practice through pretend play. If your child is terrified of the doctor, he may benefit from role-playing what happens at the doctor's office (a toy doctor's kit can help). If your preschooler shrinks at the sight of strangers, he may feel less frightened if he acts out such encounters using dolls or stuffed animals. If people in costumes scare him, dress up together — don't forget face paint — to help ease his fears. Preschoolers may also learn how to relieve their anxiety by playing with their peers. Dressing up as noisy monsters or making a haunted house can be fun, not frightening, when your child feels he is the one in control and has some buddies close by. Don't share your fears. If your preschooler sees you break out in a sweat because you're afraid of flying, or if you cringe when you walk into the dentist's office, then he's likely to feel scared of these things, too. So try to work through your own anxieties or at least try to downplay them. It's okay, however, to confess that you didn't like going to the dentist as a kid, but you went to keep your teeth healthy. It helps a child to know he's not alone, and that you, too, learned to overcome something scary. What to watch out for If your preschooler's fears routinely interfere with his normal daily activities — if he won't go to bed because he's afraid of the dark or he insists on staying home out of fear of seeing a dog — then talk to his pediatrician, especially if his fears have intensified over time. He may have a genuine phobia (a phobia is an intense and persistent irrational fear).

Hurry~hurry...

2006年05月25日
公開
12

媽咪真的得緩下腳步啦 每天媽咪總是像鬧鈴一樣催促著山大王 Hurry~hurry...C'mon~C'mon~ 明明知道三歲兒非常重視 自己建立的規矩與秩序 但媽咪也有時刻表非得要求山大王 --八點洗澡; 九點上樓睡覺; 七點半起床-- Hurry~hurry...C'mon~C'mon~ 一但媽咪自己的時刻表要遲到了 就顧不得山大王的"臨時動議" "妳可以唸這本"train"的書給我聽嘛?" "Yogurt and cereal do not mix!!" "媽咪, 我們不要GO這麼快~" "我要坐爸鼻的嘟嘟CAR~" "媽咪~我們沒有買something..." "May I do the cutting?" 媽咪總是說:我們要遲到了... 你坐好才看得到小兔子... 我們不需要去看train... Hurry~hurry...C'mon~C'mon~ 有時媽咪急了會說"吼~你很囉唆耶..." 媽咪的急催總是換來山大王很哀傷的紅眼框 看到山大王無辜的表情總是會讓媽咪很罪惡感 小小人無辜哀怨地問 "媽咪妳cross嗎?" "爸鼻你怎麼了?" "我很sad..." 小小人除了無辜哀怨也會提出抗議 少數民族的臨時動議遭到大人執政黨的反駁 說話顧不得禮貌 開始懂得斥駁他人以證明自己的存在 "You need to apologize" "You need to say sorry, again!" "你不要說話" "你不可以唱歌" "我不要用fork" "我不要回家" 媽咪帶山大王到了學校的Parking lot 山大王通常一開始不想下車 下車後被媽咪催促 會自己說"hurry up~hurry hurry~" 看到Rachal和她的爸爸由側門的gate進去 媽咪問山大王說:"我們要不要catch Rachal?" 山大王答ok 但停車場車來來往往 山大王得等媽咪鎖上車門才能牽他的手進側門 山大王見到他追不上Rachal了 急得眼紅哭起來了說: "I cannot catch her!" 到了教室門口山大王反而不願意進去 紅著眼睛躇在教室門口 Ms. Annabella和可愛的同學 Nathan, Reiver, Seo-Young都跑來門口 喊Seiji關心他怎麼囉... 最後媽咪得開玩笑地嘿咻推抱著他進教室 之後小朋友就架他去circle time Nathan哥哥接過媽咪手中的書包 幫山大王拿書包去掛好囉 Ms Annabella接過媽咪手中 曾經是山大王的"My favoriate~" 現在山大王在車上不願意吃的優格+cereal 學校老師同學愛真的令媽咪感動 但媽咪和山大王步調不一致的生活也讓 彎下腰提重物都很累的媽咪疲憊 就是這樣媽咪覺得真的很需要去森林溪流旁度假一下 讓還有八週上班的鬧鈴生鏽一下 讓自己遺忘還有67天小小北鼻就要佔滿媽咪生活的時刻表 ......

抱抱媽咪讓她覺得好過一點 "Hug" makes Mommy feel better.

2006年05月20日
公開
6

爸鼻問山大王你要怎樣讓媽咪心情好一點 山大王看看爸鼻就跑來給媽咪一個擁抱說 "Hug" makes Mommy feel better. 抱抱媽咪讓媽咪覺得好過一點 後來媽咪在樓上折衣服 山大王爹和他在樓下耍寶唱歌 爸鼻問山大王你要不要上去給媽咪一個啾? 山大王說ok然後騎著他的三輪車到樓梯間 想要把笨重的三輪車抬上去 對三歲兒來說爬樓梯還要抬著三輪車 是很危險的事 媽咪勸山大王不要帶三輪車上來 後來山大王掙扎一會兒終於放棄 他要自己把笨重的三輪車抬上去的念頭 他奮力跑上樓然後真的給媽咪一個"啾" 後來馬上又鼕鼕東地跑下樓 媽咪懷孕時脾氣比較大 像晚餐時為了山大王不可以用手直接拿盤子裡的菜 有時為了一個小小的原則會固執生氣 懷孕以來,一生氣就很容易煞不住情緒 連媽咪都覺得自己很可怕 多虧這兩個EQ不錯的男生 讓媽咪生氣後心情可以好一點好轉 媽咪晚上再看看"你的三歲孩子"這本書 書上說"在三歲這個時候, 孩子們都覺得 爸爸很慈祥可親, 但女孩子則認為媽媽較不那麼友善; 到三歲半時, 男孩子比較會認為父母親具敵意不友善" 希望山大王不要只是看到心急生氣的媽咪 媽咪只能盡量提醒自己不要心急 不要被情緒淹沒 要記得用讚美教養孩子好行為 不要用負面情緒嚴厲制止 強調無心的錯誤....

人緣好的山大王

2006年05月12日
公開
9

和老師家長會時 老師就告訴我們山大王人緣很好 助教小朋友都很喜歡他 Mrs. Russelle說不是因為他年紀小 像有些小北鼻小時很受大家注意 但大了之後小朋友就沒興趣特別關心他了 而山大王現在很受歡迎的原因 是因為他有"個人魅力"喔 連別班助教看到山大王來 都會跑來關心和他打招呼 在playground時助教也會跟他聊天 像助教們都很關心媽咪確定 山大王會有弟弟還是妹妹了嗎? 她們說問山大王好幾次 山大王回答都很一致 說是"little sister!" 山大王去學校也都會主動和長輩打招呼 又常常流露小朋友那種純真很甜的個性 常常說這個分給你玩 或做一個禮物送老師什麼的 山大王都不是故意諂媚的 就是小朋友那種會主動大方分享的個性 也許這就是讓他也很得老師緣的原因吧 媽咪送山大王去學校時 也可以感覺或聽到其他家長 會從自己的小孩那認得山大王地說 "Oh, he is Seiji!"; "Oh~That's Seiji's Mommy!" "Look, Seiji is already here!" "You can go to sit with Seiji!" 老師也說circle time時大家都搶著坐山大王旁邊 山大王很喜歡和男生玩 像Nathan, Yuki, 還有Dylan等 但女生小朋友也很喜歡山大王 大一點的小女生也很照顧山大王 一次Rachel和山大王同時到教室 Rachel見山大王進教室 轉頭就從媽咪手中接過山大王的Thomas包包 幫山大王拿去掛好 讓媽咪很驚訝感動 常常山大王到學校 就一羣小姊姊們圍過來和他擁抱 雖然有時太熱情也會讓山大王覺得窘迫 以前媽咪也看過山大王對熱情的姊姊說 "Don't touch me!" 但山大王現在對她們都還算客氣啦 山大王也說他喜歡和大的Sophia玩 他還有認識一個小Sophia啦 不只如此媽咪也看到 山大王對比他小的Toddler也很好 會和他一起玩積木 還有Nathan哥哥常會幫忙山大王 或解釋給媽咪聽山大王正在做什麼 媽咪看到山大王在學校人緣很好 兄友弟恭的樣子和大家相親相愛 媽咪也很欣慰

山大王和小小北鼻

2006年04月10日
公開

每次送山大王去上學時 都會經過他出生的醫院 媽咪每次都會跟他聊一聊: 你就是在這間醫院裡 由醫生護士幫忙 把你從媽咪肚子裡蹦出來喔 山大王也知道 媽咪也要在這裡生小小北鼻 媽咪還告訴他 媽咪去這醫院生小小北鼻時 阿嬤和阿蔚姨會來陪他 山大王有時也會主動要摸摸媽咪肚子 為了要摸摸小小北鼻 學校裡的Ms. Annabella 問他知不知道 媽咪肚子裡有小北鼻 山大王也用力點頭 昨晚山大王又很乖地自己上 湯瑪士睡袋很高興地自己睡地上 雖然現在還是要媽咪陪他一起入睡 但半夜醒來他會自己翻身躺在睡袋再入睡 只有咳嗽太兇或突然想媽咪時 才會爬坐起來 但是山大王並沒有主動說要跟媽咪睡喔 昨晚還是因為媽咪覺得山大王咳嗽太多次 每此媽咪都很不安地再從大床爬起來 看看睡地上睡袋的山大王有沒有踢被 所以問山大王要不要跟媽咪睡 山大王半睡半醒地說ok 媽咪就把山大王抱到大床上和媽咪一起睡 山大王說:"我要摸摸妳的肚子" 媽咪問他為什麼 山大王半睡半醒地說:"我要看看小小北鼻在做什麼啊?" 媽咪說小小北鼻跟你一樣在睡覺ㄚ 山大王也就握著媽咪的手又入睡了 媽咪心裡真的很高興山大王會是一個好哥哥 媽咪常看到preschool的姊姊們 看到山大王來到學校或要回家 都是給他大大的擁抱 哥哥們也都很愛護他跟他一起玩 也許這樣潛移默化山大王自然學會要當一個好哥哥啦 昨天媽咪帶山大王上學時 一位比山大王高大的小朋友 大概是第一次上學 哭得很兇上氣不接下氣 山大王還不知道如何安慰他 但很不安地視線不敢離開他 站在他旁邊陪他 沒有和其他的小朋友在circle time坐好 直到Ms Annabella帶他去circle坐好 今天早上媽咪覺得山大王表現得很好 主動要給他一個湯瑪士貼紙 山大王也會說:"我要Toby" 在去學校的車上山大王一直很高興地凝視 他貼在手上的Toby說:"我有Toby!" 到學校山大王一見到Ms Russelle 就秀給老師看他手上的貼紙 老師也很合作 驚訝的說:"Is that Thomas and his friend?" 山大王很得意說YES 然後有轉向Yuki哥哥去現寶了 兩個小男生就在那高興地聊起來了 昨天晚上那個不滿只看一集30分鐘的 "I love Toy Train 3"; 不肯跟媽咪上樓還趴在樓梯口哭的山大王 現在正開心地和他的好朋友一起上學呢~

小公園三歲生日會

2006年03月25日
公開
1

星期六辦了山大王的小公園生日會 算了了媽咪一個心願 因為喜歡Party熱鬧的媽咪 都沒有機會幫山大王辦滿月, 一歲和兩歲的慶生 三歲算山大王已經要脫離小北鼻進入小男孩的行列了 山大王也開始有他的社交活動 喜歡和同學及其他小男生玩 媽咪請了四家人和山大王一家在社區裡的小公園 吃東西聊聊天讓山大王和他的好朋友一起 在山大王喜歡的小公園玩 也藉此認識一下山大王朋友的父母們 參加一共有五家--七個小朋友和九位大人: 山大王一家: 山大王, 爸鼻, 和媽咪 ABC Family: Benson (Seiji's good friend), Amy Kojima Family: Yuki (Seiji's classmate), Ryosuke, Fuminori, and Satoko Nakamura Family: Dan, May, Nathan (Seiji's classmate) and Dylan (Seiji's Daycare mate) 嘿嘿熊一家: Esther, William, and Jennifer 媽咪準備吃的野餐有 飲料:水, 小朋友的四種口味純果汁, 運動飲料, 桃與芒果汁, 芭樂汁, 番茄汁和巧克力豆漿 水果:哈蜜瓜小球, 草莓, 葡萄, 和新鮮鳳梨 嘿嘿熊家還帶來一大盤好甜自家種的枇杷喔 三明治:BBQ或火腿豬肉凍兩種口味;自選可加入 酸甜紅白蘿蔔絲, 蕃茄, 酪梨, 墨西哥辣椒和香菜 另媽咪熱烤兩條法國麵包以備吃素者的需求~ 滷味:雞腿與茶葉蛋 甜點:現烤剛出爐的小藍苺muffin及 山大王選的黑森林蛋糕 其他小零食幾乎沒有派上用場 但媽咪還是給每個小朋友動物杯杯的糖果餅乾帶回家 遊戲:本來媽咪想到有 老鷹捉小雞 Egg hunt; Egg run 和湯瑪士小帳篷躲貓貓 但都被爸鼻以書上說的 "Non structure party"否決了 認為三歲小朋友不需要幫他們特別安排活動 但事後發現山大王的同學和他們的哥哥弟弟(四~七歲) 比較喜歡球類追逐一類的活動 喜歡多一點變化緊湊的節目 三個三歲小朋友反倒比較喜歡在一起玩沙溜滑梯 不喜歡大人安排的時刻表如吹蠟燭吃蛋糕或結束 Playground的活動離開小公園 山大王一早起來依然悠哉悠哉看湯瑪士卡通 "I love toy train"錄影帶 爸鼻也悠閒地喝咖啡吃早餐 媽咪則是在廚房一項項準備變出中午的餐點 山大王一家到小公園時也快11:30了 也來不及佈置太多 嘿嘿熊一家最遠反最早到 後來高速公路上有車禍 其他三家人才陸續到來 Kojima家的Ryosuke早上還有棒球練習 所以12:30以後才到 反正在小公園裡有吃有玩 媽咪也很悠哉和爸爸媽咪們聊育兒經 每到一家小朋友 山大王就很驚喜地迎接他的朋友 如果這樣山大王可以學習到一點分享和待客之道 媽咪費心準備就很值得了 山大王一直都很開心地玩 但後來在準備吹蠟燭吃蛋糕時 從長凳上跌下桌子嚇到了 開始心情悶悶不佳 獨自玩沙過一段時間才好起來 後來和Benson玩得很開心 兩個小男生追來跟去 在派對結束後還依依不捨離開呢

迷路

2006年03月14日
公開
11

山大王娘最近又耍烏龍了? 每天最緊張的時刻莫過於4:00-5:30 pm 平常人這時大概來個下午茶 不管是抽根菸或喝杯Latte 4點休息一下再工作是平常媽咪無法享受到的生活 再怎麼樣得趕緊把今天的進度趕完 e-mial還沒回完得趕緊寫完 資料還沒查完趕緊得拉警報翻完 表格還沒填完啊得快先請求延期呢 媽咪怎麼這麼混啦 上班得先解決同事客戶奉上的問題 一一解決後才能接手總公司丟來的問題 期間出貨的處理也得在3:00前弄完 看到牆上的鐘到四點五十 猶如屁股上挨一大板 剩下十分鐘就得走人去接山大王了 五點左右出發關上辦公室的門 就會撞見早我15分到公司的同事 看看自己的手錶一副不可思議的表情 問我:"要走了嘛?掰掰!" 要五點過後十分鐘還沒離開 隨時辦公室就會發出一陣 電腦還沒關機完 媽咪大包小包捲著資料潛逃的聲音 怦然關上個人辦公室的門 嘎開沉重的公司的玻璃門 按下遙控車鑰匙 引擎啟動就加速油門離開停車場 奔向開始塞車的高速公路交流道 星期二時更糟 媽咪錯過轉進另一高速公路的機會 只好瞎子摸象地誤打誤撞地選個交流道下 這時驚弓之鳥已經開始分不清東西南北 好吧~還有一點時間 邊翻地圖邊開這裡有點熟又不太熟的路 十分二十分過去了 眼看媽咪只有十分鐘剩下 再來接山大王就要遲到了 遲到是一分鐘罰一塊錢 擔心的是山大王看到小朋友陸續走了 媽咪還沒來接他會害怕 這時已經六點了媽咪在左轉道等綠燈 發現等一下得U turn才是對的 終於找到正確的路正確的方向了 到了學校只剩辦公室還亮著燈 Day care room已經是一片漆黑 媽咪遲到15分鐘 進去辦公室還好見到山大王坐在椅子上吃 小朋友生日送的QQ Gummy Bears 因為等一下有數學的家長教育課程 所以還有另一位老師和助教在做準備 山大王不疾不徐邊吃他的糖邊和媽咪回車上 媽咪還驚魂未定山大王倒是老神在在 跟媽咪說今天學校誰玩什麼小火車 媽咪跟他解釋媽咪迷路了 所以接他遲到了山大王也不以為意 媽咪問他有沒有害怕 山大王都一副"我是big boy"地說:"沒~有~" 言下之意好像這沒什麼好大驚小怪的 不過這也是山大王到preschool 第一次媽咪遲到接他 媽咪沒有手機;車上也無法討救兵 雖然Yuki媽咪昨天才說如果有需要她幫忙接山大王 他們家離學校很近她很樂意幫忙 媽咪雖然很感謝 但若非是媽咪有困難會遲到很久 助教晚上還要去上她學校的課不能等 媽咪還是覺得小孩心理的想法安全感比較重要 寧願遲到罰款也不希望山大王不安地想: 爸鼻媽咪怎麼了沒有來接我; 我怎麼可以跟Yuki媽咪離開學校呢? 不過最後山大王跟媽咪去買了便當在車上吃麵包時 居然還是問了令媽咪噴飯的話: "媽咪妳怎麼一個人go!; 沒有來接我?" 聽得媽咪又抱歉又好笑 都已經接到他半小時了 怎麼會沒有接他呢 我也沒有一個人離開呀 可能是山大王根本沒有"迷路"的經驗 我們帶他去陌生的地方都沒有發生"丟小孩"的事 所以山大王不知道迷路的可怕 小孩找不到媽咪爸鼻是最大的夢靨 搞路癡烏龍的媽咪只希望 遲到只此一次了 >